In What Respects is Twicknam Garden a Metaphysical Poem?

a) In What Respects is Twicknam Garden a Metaphysical Poem? b) How Does Donne Use Imagery Related to Nature? c) Comment on Donne's Different Attitudes to Love in One or Two Other Poems a) The term metaphysical poetry was first used to group Donne's poetry, and the poetry of his contemporaries, together because of their similar characteristics. Metaphysical poetry seeks to communicate difficult ideas as concisely as possible to the reader. Donne's poem â€Å"Twicknam Garden† can be regarded as metaphysical poetry because it contains many difficult ideas expressed concisely. For example the lines â€Å"The spider love, which transubstantiates all, and can convert manna to gall† compares love to a spider, which were thought at the time of Donne's writing to be poisonous. The lexeme â€Å"transubstantiates† refers to the change from bread and wine to the blood and body of Christ. Manna simply means soul or spirit and gall, anger. Translated into modern English, the lines mean that love, poisonous like a spider, changes something positive and spiritual into something negative and bitter. The religious reference simply elevates the poem, giving it deeper meaning. Such a complex idea expressed in few lines is typical of metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical poetry is also characterised by a line of argument being pursued throughout the poem. This is exemplified in â€Å"Twicknam Garden† as Donne maintains that love is painful throughout the poem. In the opening lines, he describes the painful effects of love â€Å"Blasted with sighs, and surrounded with tears†. The lines in the middle of the poem â€Å"let me some senseless piece of this place be† express that love is so painful for Donne that he would rather be an emotionless object than feel his pain. The final lines in the poem also express the pain Donne feels because of his unrequited love: â€Å"who's therefore true because her truth kills me† refers to the fact that fidelity of a woman to a lover other than him, is painful and metaphorically â€Å"kills† Donne. Donne's line of reasoning can be observed throughout the poem and is a standard characteristic of metaphysical poetry. Donne's use of rhythm in â€Å"Twicknam Garden† is also a classic feature of metaphysical poetry. The poem has consistent rhythm and rhyme scheme â€Å"And that this place may thoroughly be thought/ True paradise I have the serpent brought†, and also ellipsis, for example the archaic contracted form â€Å"‘Twere†, another common feature of metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical poetry also contains many allusions to make the poetry demanding for readers. One such example in â€Å"Twicknam Garden† is the reference to the Garden of Gethsemane in the lines â€Å"These trees to laugh, and mock me to my face†. Donne compares Twicknam Garden to the Garden of Gethsemane where Jesus was mocked by soldiers arresting him, in a similar way that the trees mock Donne's pain at being afflicted by unrequited love. Such a comparison is rather tenuous and stretches metaphor to its limit. Conceits such as this however, are commonplace in metaphysical poetry The theme of unrequited love around which the poem centres is a common theme for metaphysical poets and Donne explores this theme thoroughly in â€Å"Twicknam Garden†. Donne describes love as a â€Å"spider†, meaning poisonous, and as a â€Å"serpent† because like the serpent in the Garden of Eden, the pain of unrequited love spoils the perfection of Twicknam Garden. Donne also describes the effects of unrequited love thoroughly: â€Å"weeping†, â€Å"kills me† â€Å"surrounded with tears†. This typical imagery for love poems is unusual for Donne but commonly found in metaphysical poetry. b) As the setting for the poem is a garden, there is plenty of natural imagery to be found in Donne's â€Å"Twicknam Garden†. Donne begins by stating the purpose for which he came to the garden, to cure his pain of unrequited love. Donne uses a metaphor comparing nature to a healing balm â€Å"Hither I come to seek the spring, and at mine eyes, and at mine ears, receive such balms as else cure everything.† Donne maintains that the balming effects that should be brought on by the natural beauty in the garden, are spoilt because he has brought with him the poisonous â€Å"spider love†. Donne uses a paradox in that, the natural beauty that was supposed to soothe his pain, makes it worse because it contrasts with his misery. Donne complains that the natural beauty of the garden mocks him. He wishes for night to come so that he may not be able to see the beauty of nature. Donne also wishes that winter would come to freeze the trees which laugh at him and which cause him so much pain â€Å"‘Twere wholesomer for me, that winter did benight the glory of this place, and that the grave frost did forbid these trees to laugh, and mock me to my face†. Donne then uses natural imagery in response to this: â€Å"Make me a mandrake, so I may groan here, or a stone fountain weeping out the year†. At the time of Donne's writing, mandrake roots were believed to have human properties and scream when lifted out of the ground. Donne asks to be made into a mandrake root so that he may â€Å"groan† like a mandrake at his unrequited love. He then asks to be made a fountain, to that he may weeps tears, like a water fountain, at his unrequited love. Donne asks to be made part of the garden in order to be without feeling â€Å"some senseless piece of this place be†. Donne also uses natural images at the beginning of the poem to create an abrupt opening. â€Å"Blasted with sighs, and surrounded with tears† carry connotations of the elements wind and water, because surrounded in this context means flooded. Donne uses natural imagery in order to demonstrate to the reader his pain in being a spurned lover. The main ideas behind the poem is that he is in so much emotional pain that even the natural beauty of Twicknam Garden cannot console him. c) â€Å"Love's Alchymie† has a wholly negative attitude towards love as it is a poem that brings together several negative emotions pain, disillusionment and anger. The opening image is a crude sexual reference, also demonstrated in the alliteration used, which creates a harsh tone â€Å"Some that have deeper digg'd loves Myne that I†. Women in the poem are perceived as receptacles â€Å"deeper digg'd†, â€Å"lov'd and got† which is onomatopoeic because the sexual image combined with the violent sounding alliteration is gives the impression of an assault on the woman. The perception of women as receptacles is also reinforced by Donne's imperative â€Å"Hope not for mind in women; at their best sweetness and wit, they are but Mummy posses't .† The lexeme â€Å"Mummy† means simply pieces of dead flesh but â€Å"posses't† has two meanings; sexual possession and the possession of women by evil spirits. Donne suggests that when a woman appears sweet and clever, it is in fact the appearance given by an evil spirit that has possessed her, giving the appearance of life to a dead flesh. The idyllic concept of love in paradoxically contrasted with Donne's idea of the reality of love â€Å"So lovers dream a rich and long delight, but get a winter seeming summer's night.† In these lines Donne argues that love is as cold and barren as a winter's night instead of the beautiful ideal that they wish for. It is an epigrammatic couplet, which summarises the theme of the entire poem, that love is essentially a cheat. Contrasts between the popular idea of love and the reality are also reflected in Donne's musical image â€Å"In that dayes rude hoarse minstralsey, the spheares†. The day referred to is the wedding day, which for Donne is a humiliation as he describes it as â€Å"short scorn of a Bridegroomes play†. The image of music means that the unpleasant sound of wedding music, is perceived by a lover as being heavenly music, as it was thought by Elizabethans that the â€Å"spheares†, stars, played divine music to wonderful for people to hear. The idea that love is an illusion is reiterated all through the poem as he compares a lover to an alchemist, â€Å"no chymiqe yet th'Elixar got†, because just as no alchemist found the elixir of life, the would-be lover will never find love, as all lovers do, is to turn base lust into love, just as alchemists try to turn base metal into gold, â€Å"but glorifies his pregnant pot†. The image of the alchemist is also used to show that lovers may find lust during their quest for love and be encouraged by it, just as alchemists were encouraged by discovering something which smelled sweet or had medicinal properties â€Å"if by way to him befall some odoriferous thing, or medicenall.† Donne uses a rhetorical question in order to challenge the belief of the reality of love â€Å"Our ease, our honour and our day, shall we for this vaine Bubles shadow pay†. The â€Å"vaine Buble† is love, which is described as a shadow because it is it is feeble and false. The second rhetorical question challenges the idea that love is special â€Å"Ends love in this, that my man, can be as happy as I can; if he can endure the short scorne of a Bridegroomes play?† Donne's argument is that if he, and his servant, can both experience so-called love and get married, then there can be nothing special about love as it is commonplace. The poem that differs in attitude most clearly from â€Å"Love's Alchymie† is â€Å"The Good Morrow†. It is entirely different in that it is celebration of the reality of love. It is an aubade and is although there is no dialogue from Donne's lover in the poem, there is no doubt of her presence because of the frequent use of personal pronouns â€Å"we† and references to shared experiences. The tone of the poem is joyful and teasing, established by references to immature sexual experiences â€Å"suck'd on countrey pleasures childishly†. These highlight that the lovers have moved from juvenile pleasures to real, mature love. This idea is demonstrated in the archaic cultural reference to the legend of the seven Christian boys, who were walled up in a cave to escape persecution, only to awaken to find Christianity the established religion â€Å"Or snorted we in the seven sleepers den?†. Donne's analogy is to show that the lovers have awakened, like the boys, literally, but also spiritually. The literal awakening symbolises the awakening of their souls to love so that it is a â€Å"good morrow† for the lovers in every possible way: â€Å"And now good morrow to our waking soules.† Donne acknowledges that both he, and his lover, have a past but it affectionately dismissive by using language to create a connotation of clumsiness â€Å"snorted†, â€Å"If any beauty it did see, which I desir'd, and got, t'was but a dream of thee†. The sexual image is dismissed as Donne makes clear that his lover is superior to any of the other women he has known. The passion Donne has for his lover is also reflected in his declaration that all he needs is her. He rejects the outside world's importance because for him, his lover is all that is important. â€Å"Let sea-discoverers to new worlds have gone, let Maps to other, worlds on worlds have showne, let us possesse one world, each hath one, and is one.† At the time Donne was living, new continents were being discovered and charted. In this phrase, Donne sets aside all of this because â€Å"For love, all love of other sights controules†, true love removes the desire to see other people and places, their world is now their bedroom â€Å"And makes one little room, an everywhere†. The lovers' world is now each other, and the exploration of their love is as important to them as the exploration of the New World is to travellers. The lexical repetition of â€Å"world† demonstrates how important this idea is for Donne and the repetition of the imperative â€Å"Let† reveals his fervour. The metaphor, and rhetorical, question â€Å"My face in thine eye, thine in mine appeares, and true plaine hearts doe in the faces rest, where can we find two better hemispheares without sharpe North, without declining West?† means that Donne's lover's eye reflecting him, and his eyes reflecting her, suggest that they are like the two hemispheres but without the coldness of the North, or the Western sunset which declines into darkness. The concluding lines also emphasise the strength of their love â€Å"What ever dyes was not mixed equally; if our two loves be one, or, thou and I love so alike, that none doe slacken, none can die† refers to the Elizabethan belief that death and decay come from the lack of perfect balance of elements. Donne's final point is that their love will be everlasting because it is perfectly matched and balanced in each other, since their love is reciprocated, it is immortal. The two poems are completely different in that â€Å"Love's Alchymie† denies the existence of love because it is simply glorified lust, â€Å"Oh, 'tis imposture all†, whereas â€Å"The Good Morrow† stresses of difference between lust and love â€Å"If any beauty it did see, which I desir'd, and got, t'was but a dream of thee†. Both recognise the potential pain behind love â€Å"So lovers dream a rich and long delight, but get a winter seeming summer's night† (Love's Alchymie), â€Å"watch not one another out of feare† (The Good Morrow), however â€Å"The Good Morrow† praises love whereas â€Å"Love's Alchymie† condemns it as an illusion.

Open Boat Analysis on Naturalism

In this story, four men, known simply as the captain, the oiler, the correspondent, and the cook, become stranded in the sea in a small boat. Together they are forced to bare the torments of one of Mother Nature’s toughest challenges, the open sea. In this process these four men learn much about nature and just how little they are on Earth. One of the characters, the correspondent, comes to the realization that nature is indifferent despite the struggles of the individuals, â€Å"When it occurs to a man that nature does not regard him as important, and that she feels she would not maim the universe by disposing of him†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The captain, who is seen as a symbol of strength to the other men on the boat, has doubt as to whether they can make it to shore safely, â€Å"Then the captain, in the bow, chuckled in a way that expressed humor, contempt, tragedy, all in one. â€Å"Do you think we’ve got much of a show now, boys? † The men in the boat are still upset with what fate has dealt them and seem to have the same opinion that they are still in control of their outcome, â€Å"If I am going to be drowned—-if I am going to be drowned—if I am going to be drowned, why, in the name of the seven mad gods who rule the sea, was I allowed to come thus far and contemplate sand and trees? Was I brought here merely to have my nose dragged away as I was about to nibble the sacred cheese of life? † The men are in a desperate situation, but nature continues to go on as if they were not there. This unsubstantial state is evident in the story when a shark swimming next to them doesn’t even take notice of their existence. All four men in the boat are searching for some sort of miracle to happen, but neither nature nor fate sends anything their way. All they have to comfort themselves is each other. Throughout the story the men in the boat are working together for a common purpose, to get to the shore. The correspondent remembers a verse about a soldier of the Legion dying in Algiers, and realizes that he and the other men in the boat are like the soldier, alone and they only have each other to get through their crisis. These men must work together to form a unity amongst each other, if they are to survive what fate has given them. This comradeship is evident throughout the story by the men sharing the chore of rowing the boat, â€Å"The correspondent wondered ingenuously how in the name of all that was sane could there be people who thought it amusing to row a boat† When the men of the boat came to the realization that they may parish, the will to live was stronger than what nature or fate had in store for them. At this instance is when the men seem to come together, and through their companionship, they have the ability to make it through any obstacle fate or nature puts in front of them. At the conclusion of the story, the survivors in the boat feel they understand natures language, â€Å"When it came night, the white waves paced to and fro in the moonlight, and the wind brought the sound of the great sea’s voice to the men on the shore, and they felt that they could then be interpreters. † When I read this I remember a saying my grandmother use to say, â€Å"When life gives you sour lemons, make lemonade. † This is true but it would be better if shared with another. In the end, no matter what life gives you, you always have your fellow man to share your experiences.

The Effectiveness and Use of Sustainable Tourism in the World Dissertation

The Effectiveness and Use of Sustainable Tourism in the World - Dissertation Example Sustainable tourism is a form of tourism that has grown from concern for the damage that traditional methods are causing to the environment. The concept was originally developed from sustainable development (Hunter, 1997).  Sustainable development is a contested field which has a wide range of definitions depending on the people that are advancing it. For example, a multinational corporation has a significantly different view of sustainable development than a group of environmental activists. One classic definition is growth that meets the requirements of the present generation without compromising the needs of the future generations (Giddings et al., 2002 ). Sustainable tourism develops on this concept, with the aim of modifying current tourism and any new tourism so that it does not have a negative effect on the environment or any negative effect that it does have is significantly reduced (Bramwell and Lane, 1993).  Degrading the environment that plays host to the tourism event ually results in the decrease of the activity itself and as a consequence the associated profits. For tourism to continue in an area, it is important that the environment remains able to support the activities that are occurring (Butler, 2004). Sustainable tourism is a form of tourism that has grown from concern for the damage that traditional methods are causing to the environment. The concept was originally developed from sustainable development (Hunter, 1997). Sustainable development is a contested field which has a wide range of definitions depending on the people that are advancing it. For example, a multinational corporation has a significantly different view of sustainable development than a group of environmental activists. One classic definition is growth that meets the requirements of the present generation without compromising the needs of the future generations (Giddings et al., 2002). Sustainable tourism develops on this concept, with the aim of modifying current touris m and any new tourism so that it does not have a negative effect on the environment or any negative effect that it does have is significantly reduced (Bramwell and Lane, 1993). There is no unified definition of sustainable tourism, and some applications take into account purely ecological factors, will others also include economic, cultural or social factors. Sustainable tourism is important in both planning and management of areas where tourism is prevalent, especially where the environment plays a large role (Eagles et al., 2002). The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), a specialized agency that is part of the United Nations has undertaken significant

Skin cancer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Skin cancer - Research Paper Example This increase has been linked to increasing solar radiation exposure associated with tanning behaviors. The use of artificial tanning beds has also been implicated. Skin cancers can present as any kind of skin lesion such as an ulcer or lump, and can therefore be mistaken by the patient as a benign process. This often leads to a delay in presentation until the cancer has reached an advanced stage. Considering the significance of skin cancer and the significant research interest surrounding the strength of association between light exposure and skin cancer, this literature review has been conducted to discuss what is known by the medical community today about skin cancers. Objectives The objectives of this review are to discuss the etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of skin cancers. Discussion Epidemiology The incidence of skin cancers, both melanomas and non-melanomas, has risen over the past 3 decades. Some experts proclaim that we are experiencing a ‘record†™ number of newly diagnosed skin cancers (Riker, Zea and Trinh). Melanoma is the 6th most common fatal malignancy in the United States (Riker, Zea and Trinh). The young women demographic group, in particular, has the highest increase in cancer incidence noted (Woo and Eide). Melanoma is the second most common cancer in women 20 to 29 year old (Riker, Zea and Trinh). Studies show no link between sex hormones and melanoma risk (Coelho and Hearing), and young women are the most common users of indoor tanning beds (Woo and Eide). Therefore, this high cancer rate in young women is likely a reflection of the contribution of tanning beds to skin cancer incidence. Skin melanoma is a rare cancer compared to basal and squamous cell skin cancers, however it is associated with a much higher rate of metastases and mortality, and occurs more commonly in whites than other races (Society). Risk factors and Pathophysiology The ultraviolet (UV) component of solar radiation has traditionally been co nsidered an important ‘carcinogen’ for skin cancer. In the past few decades, the emergence of indoor tanning booths has emerged as another source of UV radiation exposure. Ultraviolet light has 3 components – UVA, UVB and UVC. UVB is the most strongly carcinogenic component, which also enhances vitamin D production in the skin (Coelho and Hearing). UVA is less carcinogenic, and UVC not at all. UV-induced DNA damage in keratinocytes can lead to pre-malignant changes in the skin such as actinic keratosis, solar lentigo, and dermatoheliosis. These lesions can, in time, develop into frank cancers (Stulberg, Crandell and Fawcett). The tanning industry, which is evidently responsible at least in part for the sharp rise in skin cancers, remains as a multi-billion dollar industry worldwide (Riker, Zea and Trinh). About 1 million American women use tanning beds regularly of which 70% are females between 16 to 45 years old. The number that uses excessive sun exposure for t anning is not known. Tanning beds were initially proclaimed to be non-carcinogenic as they emit mostly UVA. Also, the tanning UV exposure was considered beneficial for promoting vitamin D production in the skin. Eventually, however, studies demonstrated that tanning beds overall provided more UV radiation than the summer sun exposure. Fluorescent sunlamps were shown to provide up to 4 times as much UV radiation than

2-3 paragraphs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2-3 paragraphs - Essay Example This debate on whether viruses are living or non-living continues, and challenges our very definition of what is alive and what is not. Viruses are thought to be not alive on their own, but with a potential for life if they can find a host. All living beings have a critical complexity which lets them autonomously perform metabolic functions for their own survival and since viruses lack this critical complexity, they are on the edge of life. They are not fully alive but not completely inert either, as they can affect living beings in tremendous ways. The genetic code of the Mimivirus, for instance, is extremely complex, and makes it quite similar to parasitic cellular organisms. It is in this complexity of genetical make-up that the true significance of a virus lies, because it enables the virus to program the host cells in ways that could unexpectedly change the direction of the host’s evolution as some of the virus’s genome becomes a permanent part of a host’s genome. Some of the genomes that may seem to have come into the human genetic make-up through bacteria may have actually originated in a virus. Thus, despite being on the borderline of life, the role of viruses in living beings and evolution needs to be considered at length in order to fully understand the nature of life and its

Investment in human assets and the effect of the human behavior to the Essay

Investment in human assets and the effect of the human behavior to the auditing process - Essay Example Human capital is the stock of skills and knowledge possessed by individuals that eventually helps to perform labor, generating economic value ("Human Capital," par.1). Labor not only refers to the physical work done in the production phase (which is replaceable), but also encompasses all work done by an employee in course of his job for the entity. Ultimately, it is the ingenuity and hard work of the people that profits the business. Rating people as real investment is a very viable argument since they are using their skills to work for prosperity of the entity. It makes sense to invest more in training and development of the human assets in an organization, to conduct workshops and to offer them motivational incentives as in the long run, the money spent on them is expected to give a return easily in access of the incurred expense. However, putting a financial value to human assets is just not that easy. Financial managers can recognize handy investments; decisions to switch to new procedures, acquiring new equipment or strategic mergers can be evaluated using financial and non-financial models. Human resource investments, one of the most vital assets of a company are difficult to value though. This is because unlike machines and projects, one can't reliably predict the future events and behavior of a person and neither can it reliably calculate the benefit that a person could bring to the company. Moreover, it is also difficult to attribute an accurate proportion of revenue to a particular employee to measure how a company's investment on that employee is paying off. As a result, training and development allocations are often neglected in the budgeting process and are likely to be the first costs that are to be cut when faced with a budget crunch (Clarke, par.2). Many officers and managers see costs incurred on humans in the form of payroll, added benefits, training and development simply as an unavoidable expense that must be controlled. This approach is contrary to the idea that people are the actual perpetrators of a company's growth and profitability. They miss the link between their employee's deeds and the customer's perception of the entity. Even while this happens, organizations have realized the need for employee training and the need for continuing professional development. Investing in people also has other factors, some of them which do not relate to budgeting. In the recent years, there have been many scandals of fraud and negligence from service providers, especially when you talk about Medical Care and the issue of compliance with laws and regulations. In these areas, it is absolutely necessary to make sure the employees understand their responsibilities and know to whom they, and the organization as a whole is accountable. Thi s is more important for organizations involved in HealthCare to view their staff as investments because heavy expenditure must be incurred to make sure the staff is compliant with standards and hygiene and competency standards as their actions would directly affect people that place reliance on the organization. Investment in this regard could save organizations millions of

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A Good Fall by Ha Jin - Essay Example The characters I this book seem to have lost all hope and to find accommodation in this new country becomes a struggle not with the American society but with the self. The characters manifest a sense of restriction and they seem to be in exile not only from chine their homeland filled with sweet memories and dreams, but from who they really are. This paper primarily offers a contrast between the lives of two characters in the book, the freedoms and imprisonment that they are encountered with. This story depicts the experience of a Chinese student immigrant who live in the United States and receives a call from his former much admired-professor who plans to visit the United States with a delegation of educators. The professor and student visit an American scholar and the professor is proud to have outshone the American scholar. Due to this happening, the Chinese professor decides to stay in America illegally and he is imprisoned they the thought that any human being should be allowed to live free as a bird, uncontrolled by any man-made orders. He starts earning a living as a bus boy and when he is tracked down the professor runs away and opts for a life devoid of the world. A simple visit to the United States by the professor had turned into a spy mission that resulted to the professor to defect and refuse to return home. He believes that any individual should be buried anywhere they die (Ha 58). This story brings forward the â€Å"wartime couple† this are two immigrants living together in the United States, though not a genuine couple, they help each other with not only their financial burdens, but also to ease each other’s loneliness. This so comfortable arrangement is disrupted by the arrival of their respective spouses, this incident not only leads to their separation, but also leads to a break up with their cultures as Panbin declares to never date another Chinese woman in his life. This shows a move away from the

North Country Movie Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

North Country Movie Review - Essay Example It is evident from the study that the film North Country strives in every manner to be compelling at providing evidence on how injustice toward the working class of women has suppressed the rights of the latter to abide by a normal and decent mode of living worthy of general respect. Here is a situation that calls in desperation to acquire a saving act of grace in a society wickedly governed and dominated by male counterparts. Clearly, it is an issue no one in the right sound mind could afford being quiet about as it gravely insults dignity which every woman deserves to keep and be esteemed with. Women, for the most part, have played a very significant role of rearing family at providing an atmosphere, moral support, and needs in aspects other than physical which are very crucial for the modest living of every family member. A woman who is grieved by inhumane treatment would obviously be deprived of this capacity in reality so that as a consequence, she gets filled with anxiety and b ecomes unable to carry out functions intended to serve her community well. If this goes on, we may highly expect a worse impact upon the people within the woman’s direct influence especially the children once she is overcome by fear and mismanagement of tasks thereafter unless this woman expresses courage at reversing her fate so that, just like how Josey attempted to battle her way out of suppression in the iron mines, by the strength of character and profound level of confidence oppression by men may come to subsidence.

Indonesian worker in Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Indonesian worker in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example Her job can hardly be considered greedy as, apart from her salary, she receives no bonuses and benefits, although if she falls ill, her employers do pay for her treatment. Furthermore, her salary is fixed and is not reviewed for increases and she works hard for ever dollar she earns. Her employers are a middle-aged Saudi couple whose children are grown up and living away from home. They are exceedingly rich and very well-connected. The husband works as an ambassador, now retired, at the Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the wife is a member of the Saudi Royal family. The couple, contrary to the stereotypical image she had of rich Saudi Arabians, treat their staff very courteously and are very sedate. They hardly entertain anyone outside of their family, although they do go out quite frequently. Yes, it is a living wage for an Indonesian. She transfers 250USD to Indonesia every month, keeping only 50USD for herself. Of the $250 she transfers home, $100 enter her husband's account to help support the family and the rest into a savings account in her name. The 100$ that go towards household expenses are double the amount that her husband earns per month. The family relies on this money to pay for the children's schooling, their clothes, food and, if need be, medication. She saves half of her s... She transfers 250USD to Indonesia every month, keeping only 50USD for herself. Of the $250 she transfers home, $100 enter her husband's account to help support the family and the rest into a savings account in her name. The 100$ that go towards household expenses are double the amount that her husband earns per month. The family relies on this money to pay for the children's schooling, their clothes, food and, if need be, medication. 9-how/on what does this global woman spend her wages She saves half of her salary, hoping that one day she would have saved enough to buy a home. The fifty dollars which she puts aside for herself are hardly used at all since she rarely has an opportunity to go out or purchase anything. The 100$ which are spent every month, all go towards her children's expenses. 10-what is the economic situation in Indonesia and Saudi Arabia Indonesia is a developing country. Its per capita income is ranked as the 99th in the world. Inflation rates are high and well-paying job opportunities are limited. In direct comparison, Saudi Arabia is ranked as the 33rd in the world in terms of per capita income. Jobs for nationals are very well-paying and the government subsidises most services, including education and healthcare. While inflation is on the increase, salaries increase accordingly. The implication here is that even though both countries may accurately be described as developing' Saudi Arabia is in a far stronger economic position than is Indonesia. 11- explain how this woman fits into the economy of her home/host country She is an expatriate worker and this has numerous implications. In the first place it means that rather than join her domestic labour force and live her life as an

Loneliness - theme within Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Loneliness theme within Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay Loneliness is the theme Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. He describes loneliness, and secluded lives of men who work on the ranch. George and Lennie who together share a dream, their partnership of farming their own land. Mutually they partake in a relationship so rare, travelling so many miles together building independence upon one another. Lennies loving puppy-like character has its advantages and disadvantages. His natural simplicity is also considered as naivety, which in many cases leads to disaster. For instance he reverts to fighting when he cant get his way Crashing back through the bush. This proves his childish qualities and immaturity. As with George who adopts a father figure role is by far more realistic, sensible and reliable. Hes independent suggesting that I could get along so easy and so nice if I didnt have you no my taillive easy and get a girl. Alone the two would not survive the cruel ways of the world but together as where one lacks the other gains building a strong companionship. We discover further information about the lonely lives of specific characters living on the ranch from chapter two onwards. Steinbeck at the beginning of chapter two sets the scene. He illustrates the deserted spread of land of which, Lennie and George come across the ranch. They encounter an unfamiliar face by the name of Swamper, a crippled old man who introduced them to the bunkhouse and discussed Whitey a former worker. Whitey was a blacksmith, was strangely hygienic and kept himself to himself. He had the tendency to dress-up even when he wasnt going anywhere put on a necktie even as the swamper described. He had recently quit as he had an issue with all food. This I feel shows a life of very small meaning. I cant imagine anyone who is completely fulfilled to pick at food for the reason of just because? Gimme my time. This I think is Steinbeck showing some evidence of loneliness. A man could be so desolate that he would look to find any excuse to make a fuss, to be noticed. He seemed to create the excitement in which he lacked so desperately, dressing up on any occasion possible a reason to wake up each morning! A character in the story that experiences loneliness is the swamper also known as Candy. A friendly and elderly man, who has worked at the ranch for many years. He stays at the bunkhouse with a dog as a companion. Candy and his dog are inseparable. Candy depends on the loyal hound, and they have shared many happy times together. Later on in the story, Candys dog is forced to be put down for the reason that the rest of the workers disagree for the nasty and decayed mutt to be kept alive. The workers constantly complained of the redolence of the dog However, Candy and his dog were literally attached by the hip and the stench had become unnoticeable and became part of Candy he had been around him so much I never notice how he stinks. This I think explains part of Candys loneliness that without his dog there is a great emptiness within him. George and Lennie soon befriended Candy after the death of the dog, proposing a chance to go into business together. This seems like the opportunity of a lifetime to Candy, his hope for companionship and a secure job to rely on. His destiny to find fulfilment in many respects has come true and will do any thing in his own power to make sure its not taken away from him. Another character that is lonely is Curlys Wife an attractive woman with full rouged lips and wide spaced eyes, heavily made-up. Fingernails painted red, hair hung in little rolled clusters. She was known to be flirtatious with a bitchy personality, a terrible reputation. Curlys Wife had seen life as a disappointment failing in her lifes goals coulda been in the movies said so frequently and her bitterness towards anyone who was happier or more successful than herself. She is found picking on those less fortunate than her as when she made the remark They left all the weak ones here, clearly it obvious that the comment was meant to be offensive. A reason for all this cruel behaviour may be loneliness Curlys Wife has no friends and a husband that ignores her. He never seems to be around Any you boys seen Curly? Hes usually in a hoar house or out with the guys. Although, extremely over protective of her. The ranch workers had little respect for Curlys Wife by speaking of her as something of Curlys, no importance she often feels that she is never wanted. Curlys Wife discovers Lennies desire of her in which she takes of advantage of. For once there is someone with an interest of her I get lonely I never get to talk to nobody. When Curlys wife hides behind the make or makes rude remarks it could be because shes insecure within herself, lacking confidence so when she puts people down it makes her feel better. The character that experiences the most loneliness is Crooks also known as the Nigger. He is crippled from a damaged spine resulting in an odd shape figure (hunch back). He is described to have eyes deep in his head his lean face was lined with deep black wrinkles, and thin pain-tightened lips which were lighter than his face. Crooks lives alone as around the time the story was set to be in there were race issues causing discrimination, which was unfortunate for Crooks. Over the years of working in such a secluded environment Crooks seemed to have become bitter and nasty warning people away Dont come where youre not wanted. Crooks seemed to talk to no one other than Slim a real skinner he looks out for his team. Crooks respected Slim, as he was the only one who would treat him as if he were a human being. You learn about Crooks when Lennie approaches him in his bunk. At first he is completely against the idea and tries to worry Lennie with the thought that George maybe hurt or unable to come back Spose he gets killed, or hurt so much, he cant come home. This was poof of Crooks evil way of thinking leaving Lennies mind running crazy but he shortly reassures him saying he will come back, no need to worry. We discover later that Crooks lived a happy childhood playing with the white kids from next door. He also had close relationships with his brothers. It was later on in life that the harsh world ended up him living such a lonely life. He is self-conscious, believing no one to ever like him so when he meets Lennie and discovers he actually takes interest in him, he is shocked and even suggest to help in the assistance of the business between George, Candy and Lennie when he over here the discussion between the three.

Family Decision Making Purchase of Vehicle

Family Decision Making Purchase of Vehicle 1.0 Introduction. Interviewing 3 family to identify the decision maker in the family. The decision maker of a family is important. The way the decision made during a buying process involves of few factors such as information, purchasing ability and quality of product. Decision makers do make decision based of the price , product, promotions and place the product and service available. The way the decision maker makes the decision can affect the way the family members to purchase goods. This is because the behaviour and attitude to purchase become the example for family members as guide. The memory of from external influences the individual habit and beliefs. This can create the culture of consumption in a country. Decision makers are the purchaser who will provide the financial towards purchasing items. The decision maker will search for information before purchasing and relate the purchase to be beneficial for family members. Family (A) purchase of a vehicle. The decision maker of this purchase in Family A, is made under the father of the family. The father as the decision maker is the influence of the family. The car which was bought by Family A is a Honda City. The father who made the decision, relates that the purchase of this car is beneficial for the family and worth the price. The reason to this decision is, father belief that the car is big and can give comfort to the family if they are taking a vacation. The case shows that the familys decision maker is making a decision base on belief and perception of the product. The product identity has given the decision maker a positive affirmation towards the company brand. The father is the decision maker in this purchase because, the paying amount is made by the father. Although the decision maker makes the purchase, before the purchasing the individual do seek information before purchase. The search of information is together with his elder son and sales person, who actually accompanied the purchaser towards the vehicle at the Honda car showroom. The information search is basic towards the purchasing price, the post purchase of the vehicle, the time period of car processing, the insurance and colour of selections by the Honda company. Family (B) purchase of family groceries. The purchase of food and home supply in Family B is made under the mother and brother of this family. The decision made from the mother of this family is towards the benefits of foods and appliances to be purchase for use at home. The nutrients factors and cost of food supply will be determined by the mother who does the groceries shopping at the supermarket. Information gathered from this mother of the family will determine the final purchase of the supply. However the brother played the role of giving income to the Family B. Therefore the purchase of food supply in family is also from the elder brother who provides the income. The factors from promotion of food supply and income will change the perception of mother in family to purchase the food. Shopping market like Tesco Ipoh which produces the promotions and Tesco brands will divert the mother of Family B in regarding the income to choose and buy the Tesco brands product. Example of product such as paper rolls, detergents and necessary goods. The factor that affected the decision making is from the promotions provided by the Tesco Choice and income. The location of the department store also is convenient for this family B , who lives nearby. Therefore purchasing goods and food supply from place has become a decision towards the family groceries . Family (C) purchase of Insurance. The insurance plan for the Family C is made purchase under the decision of the father and mother. The parent of this Family C made the purchase of the insurance for this family base of few consideration. The consideration of family protection of financial assist of the insurance. The decision is made with assist of specialized sales person towards the different plans available. The decision was made under the perception of safety. The plan bought of this Family C is the third party insurance for the vehicle for emergency purposes. The plan and price to purchase this insurance was reasonable due the perception and exposure of the importance of issuing insurance from socially. Therefore the purchase was made. Factors that affected this family towards the decision making was the promotional ,price and perception of social recommendation. The ability for the family purchase the insurance plan is flexible and promising towards the family. 1.1 Income affects the decision making. Product, Price ,Promotion and place can affect the decision made in the family. The product innovations with reasonable price do trigger the consumer interest to purchase. Family will then consider with information from the market place during the decision making process. Finally making the final purchase base of the income available from the family to support the decision. The income also become the factor to affect the family decision making process. The purchase of vehicle of in Family A is strongly affected by the family income. The capability to purchase with final decision was made by the father. Family B who also affected by income to purchase goods and home appliance base of income. The mother as housewife who depending on his son to support the living of family in order to purchase the goods. Finally the purchase of insurance for vehicle in Family C. Income will affect the final decision of purchasing even though the price ,promotion and product is attractive for the family. Therefore the income earn by family can change the behaviour of the family to purchase goods and service. 1.2 Product, price ,promotions and place as influence to purchase. 1.2.1 Product. The family who made decision towards the purchase are influence by thius factor. The product innovation and creditability. The purchaser is more attracted towards the innovation of product with the ability to purchase from income. For example the Honda car and Tesco choice brands in Family A B. 1.2.2 Price The reasonable price of Honda car comparing to a Proton Inspira. The price is more attractive purchasing the Honda with the creditability of the company and brand. Therefore the Family A was influenced by the price factor. The price of goods sold from the Tesco choice was reasonable in according with income of Family B toward home appliance and food supply. Therefore the price has influence the family to make decision. 1.2.3 Promotion. The promotional of goods especially of the department store of Tesco choice have influence the Family B to purchase goods and being brand loyal to the product. The sales that created by company give opportunity for the family to finance their income and give the consumer the comfort to keep selecting the brand of the company. For example in Family B purchasing the goods from Tesco department store. 1.2.4 Place. The location of organization can influence the consumer to make the decision. The location which is strategic can give the consumer the access to the business easily. For example Family C Who purchase the insurance . The insurance company are located near to the banking of this family. Therefore the processing and enquiries are more easily for this Family C. The department store Tesco, which located at a strategic point between Medan Ipoh and Ipoh garden, has given the opportunity for Family B to choose the company products and promotions. 1.3 Decision makers influence towards family. The decision maker who made the decision towards purchasing goods can affect the family decision making process. The decision maker is a major role because the final purchase are made under their authority. The ability to search for information and gathering them will become a example for their children. Comparing the products from brand to brand and selecting the choice of product can influence the family members in demand for goods and services. The Family A , who experience the post purchase will allow the children to understand that post purchase is part of a purchasing process. These behaviours can affect to educate the younger consumers to be knowledge able towards consumption needs from the market. The familys decision maker have indirectly showed examples and probably become a memory for the family member to understand the purchasing behaviour and condition of products and services from the market place. Therefore the behaviour of consumption in family is careful towards purchasing. The perception and belief of consuming a product in market place will be learnt from family members. 1.4 Conclusion Consumption needs are different from family to family. The way the family purchases are unique. Information and accessibility to purchase are important for family. The decision maker is a major role because the final purchase are made under their authority. Decision makers do make their decision base of the factors from product quality, price, promotions and place to access the product. The influence the decision maker in family will educate and provide the example for the family members. The behaviour of consumption in family will be influenced by the decision makers. The ability to search information, comparing and contrasting the product and services and finally purchasing the item. Question 4. Friends and society opinion on products and services are always one of the factor influencing individual buying behaviour, comment on how Facebook enhance the impact from friends and society towards buying behaviour. 2. 0 Introduction. Facebook is a social network from the internet. It is one of a facility for users to connect with friends and develop a society from the internet world. The Facebook allows users to be expose to a few factors that can influence an individual consumption behaviour.This is because of the opinions and comments from Facebooks friends and society can change the individual perception to purchase a product initially. The usage of Facebook which become a important usage in this millennium will impact consumers. This is because Facebook do not only provide a connection for friends and society to connect together, but also to business entrepreneurs to advertise their products and service using this facility. Therefore the communication from business to audience are wide in Facebook. The individual will be expose to the business advertisements. 2.1 Friends and Society impact towards individual buying behaviour. The friends in the society is a part of the influence impact towards an individual in a buying behaviour. The factors to this mostly come from the belief and perception of friends which give affirmation towards the product an individual wishes to buy. Friends with similar interest towards the product can affect the product of a company. The belief and perception as a factor in the social is crucial. Therefore the product features are important towards the consumer. The society consist of the expert and novice consumer. The expert consumer are the consumer who are knowledgeable towards the particular product and services. Therefore this mean that, this category of consumer are consider the tester of products and services before the novice. The impact happen when the novice seeks the information from peers. Thus this acts as the influence towards the interested individual. The example of purchasing the soft drinks. The novice user in a social enviroment is interested in purchasing the soft drink of few selections, but with consideration, the search of information from the peers happen. The expert user as the peers can be a user of the product which suggest the novice user to which class of product to purchase. Therefore the individual make the purchase base of this social influence factor. The impact is positive and negative impact. With the negative reviews will change the decision made by the individual. Whereas the positive will persuade the individual to purchase. Emotional consumers. The impact of emotion towards consumer can affect the consumers rationality to consume a product and service. Therefore consumers are not always rational because they are driven by their emotions. Environment and persuasion can affect the consumer to make a decision. Friends and society is one of the influences which can affect a potential purchaser to make a decision to purchase other than the information available from the product. 2.2 Perception exposure through Facebook Facebook the world famous social network is one of the influence towards a consumer purchasing behaviour. This is because , the usage of Facebook have allow consumers to share their experience of particular product or services among their friends. The experiences from users who have tried the product may experience a good or negative experience. Therefore may allow other friends to notice the particular brand or product as a critic of precaution for other users. Base on the ability of the social network of Facebook which allow user to share their thoughts. It has allow the tester to voice out. Novice user will develop a belief and perception towards the particular brand or product. The novice user may purchase those product base of the belief developed and experience shared by experience users. These is the external influence on the consumers purchasing behaviour. Therefore the purchasing behaviour is influenced by the usage of Facebook. The exposure of Facebook with the information shared through different users and friends in this society will create the consumer to be knowledgeable towards the particular product and service on the market. Among of various purchasing behaviour such as, contrasting and comparing, information search, and post purchase of product will be learnt and practiced by the consumer. Example of how consumer shares their perception to other potential consumers. ALL about Ipoh.jpg Diagram: Consumer Andrew Chin trying to advise other users to avoid base of experience. 2.3 Facebook as a business tool. The usage of Facebook is not only the influence factor toward an individual belief system and perception but acted a tool for business owner to sell and network their services and product. Information will be shared and given out to subscribers of the account. Certain groups and social friends may own business related accounts. Therefore, the business owner have opportunity to market their product and service using this internet facility. The business owner will use the facility and provide information to the potential users who have subscribed to their group. The information will be given out from the business owner to their potential consumer. Consumer will then be gathering the information before they make a decision and finally towards the purchasing of the product or service. An example of this activity is the advertising of the company. The data not just will be reaching to selected group but almost everyone who uses this internet facility. Advertising ability from the Facebook, will give the consumer the information they seek. Some of the information will be needed some are newer information which consumers do not know. Therefore, the consumer will have the memory towards the product and services intended for sale. Example of business organization , uses the Facebook facility to reach the consumer. 2.4 Change of attitude towards purchasing behaviour. The Facebook usage can change the attitude to purchase a good and service in a consumer. The habit and memory shared among other users and organization will allow the individual to purchase using the Internet. Purchasing from the internet is a way to buy and shop for consumers. Consumer will divert the habit to go to the retail stores and begin to purchase directly from the recommendations of organization with their business webpage, with accredited merchants. Therefore the habitual form of going to retail will be limited. Organization have intelligently market the product towards the potential consumers. Consumer will be expose to organization brand and knowledgeable towards the product the organization have produced to supply for consumers. The merchandised sold to consumer this way will allow the consumer to experience a different purchasing behaviour thus, the post purchasing of merchandize from a webpage are more legal with the paper works. Comparing towards purchasing from a retail store, the sales person may not be attending to job at different hours of time. The conflict of merchandise from organization and consumer will be limited from the purchasing behaviour. 2.5 Consumers memory impact from Facebook. Although purchasing from the internet as an option, consumer also do purchase from regular store. The purchase process which consist of encoding , strorage and retrieval of memory before a purchase is made is within the consumer. The consumer who often expose to the updates of the information may have stored the memory of information given and proceeds to purchase the merchandise . The usage of the memory as information will assist the consumer to make a decision. A purchase will take place due to the decision made during encoding the information given. The habit and attitude of consumer will adapt towards how the consumer perception and experience as a memory to purchase goods. The memory can turn into a long term memory for the consumer. 3.0 Conclusion. Exposure to information can change the decision make by an individual. The positive or negative review towards a product can influence the consumer to either purchase and not. The negative review may not only make the purchaser to not purchase but is bad for business. The users of Facebook are more expose to free information provided by business owners individually through Facebook. It is very efficient. The Facebook can impact and change the consumer purchasing behaviour. The regular purchasing behaviour from the store can change and persuade the individual to experience the internet purchase. Facebook as a tool for business is beneficial. The user of Facebook can be knowledge able consumers and create healthy consumption behaviour in the society.

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 :: Free Essays on 1984

In his novel, â€Å"1984,† George Orwell warns us against three things. He stated that people are only out for personal gain, and will use any means to reach their goals. He also warned against these types of people who are already in power. And lastly, he warns us against the lost of privacy through constant surveillance, and how we actually allow this to happen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If we all have the traits to become evil, why does it become a reality only in some? Before this question can be answered, we must first ask what evil actually is. Evil is â€Å"an intent to cause emotional trauma, to terrorize the helpless, to prolong suffering, and gain satisfaction from it all.† Someone is considered evil if they willingly and gratuitously inflict harm on others. These people cannot empathize, they revel in others pain, they dehumanize their victims, they are narcissistic, and grandiose (they play God).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People are not just born evil. There are certain factors that contribute to this type of outcome in a person. There is a usually history of abuse or neglect. They felt unloved, or even unworthy of love. There is also the possibility of there being a chemical imbalance, causing abnormal brain functions, thus, making someone incapable of certain human emotions such as empathy, compassion, or pity. Other things that can cause someone to ‘snap’ could be sexual inadequacy, maternal smothering, paternal abuse, and narcissistic borderline personality disorder (a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They tend to have a way to justify their actions. They will use an ideology, or beliefs that what they are doing is what is morally correct, and therefore have every right to commit the acts that they do. Take Reverend Arthur Allen for example. His church, the House of Prayer, has a firm belief in corporal punishment. After a young boy complained to his teacher that he was in pain, and the teacher found welts on his body, the police and county officials began to investigate the church. However, even when the investigation was going on, the parents of the children in the congregation would not agree to stop the punishments for just two days. The children were taken away and the pastor and five of his followers were arrested on charges that they participated in the beatings of these children. This is also not a first time offense of them.

Mechanics: Statics And Dynamics :: essays research papers fc

Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.........................................................1 Chapter I. General Principles........................................2 I. Systems of Force.........................................4 II. Stress..................................................6 III. Properties of Material.................................7 IV. Bolted and Welded Joints................................10 V. Beams -- A Practical Application.........................13 VI. Beam Design.............................................17 VII. Torsional Loading: Shafts, Couplings, and Keys........19 VIII. Conclusion............................................20 BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................21 INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mechanics is the physical science concerned with the dynamic behavior of bodies that are acted on by mechanical disturbances. Since such behavior is involved in virtually all the situations that confront an engineer, mechanics lie at the core of much engineering analysis. In fact, no physical science plays a greater role in engineering than does mechanics, and it is the oldest of all physical sciences. The writings of Archimedes covering bouyancy and the lever were recorded before 200 B.C. Our modern knowledge of gravity and motion was established by Isaac Newton (1642-1727).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mechanics can be divided into two parts: (1) Statics, which relate to bodies at rest, and (2) dynamics, which deal with bodies in motion. In this paper we will explore the static dimension of mechanics and discuss the various types of force on an object and the different strength of materials.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The term strength of materials refers to the ability of the individual parts of a machine or structure to resist loads. It also permits the selection of materials and the determination of dimensions to ensure the sufficient strength of the various parts. General Principles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before we can venture to explain statics, one must have a firm grasp on classical mechanics. This is the study of Newton's laws and their extensions. Newton's three laws were originally stated as follows:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Every body continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed on it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. The change of motion is proportional to the motive force impressed and is made in the direction in which that force is impressed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction; or the mutual actions of two bodies on each other are equal and direct to contrary parts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Newton's law of gravitational attraction pertains to celestrial bodies or any object onto which gravity is a force and states: â€Å"Two particles will be attracted toward each other along their connecting line with a force whose magnitude is directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the distance squared between the particles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When one of the two objects is the earth and the other object is near the surface of the earth (where r is about 6400 km) / is essentially constant, then the attraction law becomes f = mg.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another essential law to consider is the Parallelogram Law.

Essay examples --

Name: Deniz CALIK Section: PLSC 382R-01 Professor: Gregory Robinson Date: 12/16/13 How National Socialist Ideology Affected the World? When Germany was defeated in World War I, German emperor Wilhelm II left the throne and the new republic was founded which is called Weimar Republic. Germany passed from monarchy to republic however the problems were not vanished. That is when the National Socialism first appeared. There was unemployment, poverty and inflation and the national socialists claimed that the democratic institutions, communists and incapable politicians were to blame. These national socialists established a political party called Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party). Their leader was Adolf Hitler. They were anti-capitalist, anti-Marxist, ethnic nationalist, extremely rightist, racist. In politics they were extremely nationalist and in economics they were socialists. The members of the party wore soldier uniforms and behaved as if they were soldiers. By placing their socialist ideology forefront, they became the most and the only power in Germany officia lly. As the time flew, they caused one of the most bloody and brutal wars in history. The Great Depression had also affected Germany. The existing problems came to foreground more than ever. Hitler was seen as a solution for the existing problems according to the general opinion. Thus, the president Paul von Hindenburg assigned Adolf Hitler as the prime minister in 1933. A few months later, in 5 March 1933 the National Socialist German Workers Party polled the 43.9 % of the votes and guaranteed its position as the only party in power. National Socialist principals and its ideas supp... ...Germany but affected whole world, changed political and social structure. In Germany, it created hostility towards Jews and other people who are non-Aryan. Nazi party members killed a lot of people in order to create an Aryan race. They have made various experiments on them, forced them to work until they die, made them live in inhuman conditions and exposed them to numerous other kinds of tortures. National Socialists were deeply committed to the ideology that they could murdered numerous of innocent people without a second thought and accepted the thoughts and orders of their leader blindfold. If National Socialist ideology`s consequence were not that serious, human rights issue would not gain so much importance globally. World War II can be the best and obvious example of how an ideology can conquer mass amounts of people’s minds and reshape the world deeply. Essay examples -- Name: Deniz CALIK Section: PLSC 382R-01 Professor: Gregory Robinson Date: 12/16/13 How National Socialist Ideology Affected the World? When Germany was defeated in World War I, German emperor Wilhelm II left the throne and the new republic was founded which is called Weimar Republic. Germany passed from monarchy to republic however the problems were not vanished. That is when the National Socialism first appeared. There was unemployment, poverty and inflation and the national socialists claimed that the democratic institutions, communists and incapable politicians were to blame. These national socialists established a political party called Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party). Their leader was Adolf Hitler. They were anti-capitalist, anti-Marxist, ethnic nationalist, extremely rightist, racist. In politics they were extremely nationalist and in economics they were socialists. The members of the party wore soldier uniforms and behaved as if they were soldiers. By placing their socialist ideology forefront, they became the most and the only power in Germany officia lly. As the time flew, they caused one of the most bloody and brutal wars in history. The Great Depression had also affected Germany. The existing problems came to foreground more than ever. Hitler was seen as a solution for the existing problems according to the general opinion. Thus, the president Paul von Hindenburg assigned Adolf Hitler as the prime minister in 1933. A few months later, in 5 March 1933 the National Socialist German Workers Party polled the 43.9 % of the votes and guaranteed its position as the only party in power. National Socialist principals and its ideas supp... ...Germany but affected whole world, changed political and social structure. In Germany, it created hostility towards Jews and other people who are non-Aryan. Nazi party members killed a lot of people in order to create an Aryan race. They have made various experiments on them, forced them to work until they die, made them live in inhuman conditions and exposed them to numerous other kinds of tortures. National Socialists were deeply committed to the ideology that they could murdered numerous of innocent people without a second thought and accepted the thoughts and orders of their leader blindfold. If National Socialist ideology`s consequence were not that serious, human rights issue would not gain so much importance globally. World War II can be the best and obvious example of how an ideology can conquer mass amounts of people’s minds and reshape the world deeply.

Ten Characteristics of a Good Teacher

From time to time during the 15 years I have been working in the field of English language teaching and training, I have put myself in the position of language learner rather than teacher. In addition to enjoying language study and  finding the process fascinating, I find it beneficial to view the process through the eyes of a student. Even though I have felt at odds with some teachers and their methods, I have learned something from every teacher I have ever had ­ even the worst ,  of them.There is a line in Saint-Exupery’s The Little Prince that applies to any endeavor, but especially teaching. It reads: â€Å"That which is essential cannot be seen with the eye. Only with the heart can one know it rightly. † The essence of teaching is difficult to qualify, but that line leads directly into my most essential criterion. 1. I want a teacher who has a contagious en ­ husiasm for his t teaching—one who, as Rich ­ rd Via says, loves his students and his wor k. Mr. Via is an educational specialist in using drama techniques to teach EFL at the East-West Center in Hawaii.I was fortunate enough to attend his teacher-training seminar in Korea in 1976. It was a pleasure to be in his audience. His enjoyment in transmitting knowledge and participating in the seminar was apparent and infectious. His passion for teaching instilled a passion for learning in all the participants. For me, the most crucial factors in effective teaching are who the teacher is and how he acts in the classroom. This influences the way the stu ­dents react d toward the target language and, therefore, their success in learning it.2. I want a teacher who is creative. Teaching must be more  than simply opening a book, doing exercises, and following an outline written by someone else. In the tedium of repetition, the student can go through the motions of doing the exercises without his mind being engaged. What can a teacher do to engage the student’s mind? There are a myriad of techniques that the creative teach r can employ—information-gap exercises, e games, songs, jazz chants, problem solving, and other techniques that allow the student to utilize the skills he has already developed in his first language. 3. I want a teacher who can add pace and humor to the class.The humor of one of my teachers had the effect of alleviating my nervousness—of reducing my effective filter. There was a rapport among the students and the teacher because we were all laughing together. We had a good time learning, and we made a lot of progress because we were not afraid to make mistakes; we could take chances. As Krashen would say, the effective filters of the students were low, facilitating acquisition. Another teacher that I had maintained an excellent pace in the class. She never lost an instant consulting a list or thinking about what to do next; she had prepared—that was evident—and she was going  to capitalize on every seco nd.I was somewhat nervous in her class, but I didn’t have time to worry about it because events moved so quickly. I was literally sitting on the edge of my seat so that I wouldn’t miss anything, and my adrenalin was a positive force. I should add that humor is a double-edged sword: it can backfire, for what is funny to one person may not be funny to another. Humor across cultures can add a layer of difficulty to communication. 4. I want a teacher who challenges me. I had several teachers who always spoke to me in Spanish, both in and out of class.I felt they were showing confidence in me and chal ­lenging me to speak Spanish. The student’s passive l knowledge of the target language is always greater than his active knowledge. There is no reason why a teacher should use any language other than the target language except possibly for purposes of expediency. When a teacher reverts to the native language, he is showing a lack of patience with the students’ struggles in the target language. In addition, switching codes is confusing. I was given a test in which all the in ­ tructions were read to me in English, so that I would be sure to understand every ­ thing.Then I had to answer in Spanish. But the test had three parts and I had to continue switching codes back and forth from English to Spanish; I found this very confusing. It is like going off a diet—once you cheat a i little, then you want to cheat a little more. If someone speaks to me in English, this activates my English channel and I am prepared to think in English. Speaking in the target language to the learner prepares and challenges him to speak in that language. In addition, I want a teacher who can maintain a  level of difficulty high enough to challenge me, but not so high as to discourage me.5. I want a teacher who is encouraging and patient, and who will not give up on me. Some of the teachers that I have had demonstrated incredible patience with all of th eir students, never allowing even a shadow of displeasure to cross their faces in reaction to continued incorrect speaking after endless correction (which may say something about the policy of correction). When the teacher is positive—encouraging initial and repeated attempts—the students will apply themselves more diligently.Motivation thrives on success. One teacher I had appeared on several occasions c to give up on me. She would struggle to have the other g members of the class repeat the combination of an indirect object pronoun followed by a direct object pronoun—the nemesis of the Spanish-language student. They would have numerous chances to supply the correct combination in various tenses, but I often was given only one opportunity. For the life of me, I do not know why the teacher gave me only one chance.Was it because I was struggling and she wanted to spare me any unpleasantness? Or was it because in her mind I  didn’t need the practice? I fe lt that I needed the practice and wanted at least a chance to try. I felt that the teacher was discouraged and had lost confidence in my ability to progress. As a result, I lost my incentive and became unsure of myself. 6. I want a teacher who will take an interest in me as a person—one who will try to discover discussion topics that interest me. When I was teaching, one of the first things I did was to try to find out what my students’ interests were: hobbies, past employment, family, travel, etc. The easiest, most accessible area of conversation is oneself.The initial and intermediate stages of development for the language student do not abound with opportunities for coherent self-expression. Most of the time, we language students feel fairly incompetent because we cannot express ourselves adequately, as we are accustomed to doing in our native language. Thus, if we can discuss some little accomplishment we’ve had, or something that we take pleasure in or are proud of, so much the better. 7. I want a teacher who knows grammar well and who can explain something on the spot if necessary.I also want a teacher who is realistic and has the simple courage to admit that he doesn’t know an answer if indeed he doesn’t. I have had some teachers who, probably as the result of the de-emphasis on grammar explanation in the structuralist tradition, did not provide enough explanations. It seems to me that a more eclectic approach would take into consideration the needs of the adult learner, who should be given some insight into the intricacies of grammar. 8. I want a teacher who will take a minute or two to answer a question after class, or who will take five minutes to  correct something that I have done on my own.I had several teachers who did this willingly and who encouraged the students to do extra work on their own. I also had a teacher who made some corrections for me at my request, but somehow I felt as if I had encroached on he r time. Is teaching to be exactly 50 minutes of the hour and no more? First, we as teachers need to encourage students not only to study what is required, but to pursue on their own areas in which they are interested. Acquisition is facilitated when it concerns information that we need or are interested in.And second, we need to appreciate our students’ efforts. 9. I want a teacher who will treat me as a per ­ on, on an equal s basis with all the members of the class, regardless of sex, marital status, race, or my future need for the language. In some of my classes women were given discussion topics relating only to the home and family, and men were rarely asked to talk about their families. Men were also given more â€Å"talk† time than the women. This can be discouraging to the student, and that is not conducive to progress. As teachers, we must look  carefully at our classes to be certain that we are including everyone equally.I know that I have probably been gu ilty of bias toward the brighter and more energetic students—they’re more challenging for the teacher and more interesting for the class. But now 1. Editor’s Note: on the spot = without further consideration; at once; immdeiately. 2012 37 that I have been a victim of bias my ­ elf, I will cers tainly be more aware of treating my students equally. 10. Finally, I want a teacher who will leave his emotional baggage outside the classroom. The classroom is a stage,  and to be effective the teacher must in some cases be an actor.I do not want to interrupt my concentration by worrying about what might be bothering the teacher. Nor do I want a teacher who sustains himself through ridicule or sarcasm, playing havoc with the emotions of his students and thereby blocking any learning/acquisition that might take place. Conclusion The qualities that I have discussed can be separated into four areas—(1) affective characteristics, (2) skills, (3) classroom managemen t techniques, and (4) academic knowledge: Affective characteristics enthusiasm  encouragement humor interest in the student availability mental healt Skills creativity challenge Classroom Management pace fairness Academic Knowledge grammar A teacher’s effectiveness depends on his demonstration of the affective characteristics. These are inborn in some of us, but they are also within the grasp of most teachers. Most of us want to be encouraging, enthusiastic, and available, but we just have to be reminded once in a while. The classroom management techniques of peace and fairness are often overlooked, but they can be crucial to effective teaching.These are not techniques that require training, but again, simply awareness. The specific teaching skills of creativity and challenge are associated more with the types of materials and activities, and their level and appropriateness. Ease and facility in these two areas come with experience and familiarity with the syllabus and mate rials. Lastly, a teacher who knows his grammar gives himself credibility and stature in the eyes of his students. With a little training in how to explain grammar and how to teach it, teachers have an indispensable tool.

Line Follower Robot

UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM| EE2G – Design Report| THE GREAT EGG RACE| | | 25. 01. 2012| Table of Contents Appendix3 The Group Contract3 Introduction4 Literature Review4 History of mobile robots:4 The history of the line-following robots:5 Ongoing a most advanced projects on line-following robots or line-following based robots:5 Aims:6 Objectives:6 Requirements:6 System Decomposition7 Group Management Structure9 Name of the Robot9 Mechanical Design10 Technical Options, Critical Review and Final Design Choice10 Option 110 Option 211Review of the Frame12 Review of the Wheels12 Final Design13 Electronic Design14 Technical Options, Critical Review and Final Design Choice14 The Control Unit:14 The chosen microcontroller and the reasons: PIC16F64815 Stepper Motors Unit:16 The Driver Unit16 Software Design18 Technical Options, Critical Review and Final Design Choice18 Odd or even number of sensors18 The Number of Sensors18 The shape in which the sensors are put together18 The angle of t he V19 How does the program work? 19 Time Management plan22 Risk Assessment24Very possible, low cost and manageable risks24 The plans we have specifically come up with for the Robot project25 Components Wish List26 Conclusion28 References29 Appendix The Group Contract As a group, EGM had one target, to bring life to ICKI. This would not happen but with cooperation and hard work. By signing this contract you declare: * EGM will do the tasks they are responsible for by the internal deadline decided. * If EGM had any problems fulfilling any of their responsibilities they should inform the group leader in advance. EGM should back up all their group mates in unexpected and hard situations. * EGM should trust their group mates for their capability of doing their own responsibilities however this does not mean that they cannot say their opinion and ideas. * As the work break down has been decided when the entire group have been together, EGM is not allowed to complain about the inconsisten cy in the work division among the members of the group. * In any case when all the group members cannot get to agree on one subject they will have to count votes.If they tie they will have to ask a person’s opinion every group member trusts. (Or they can flip a coin alternatively. ) * If EGM wants to change any of the plans, they should discuss it with the rest of the group first. They are not allowed to accept doing something and do it in their own way without a group agreement. * EGM is responsible for attending all the group meetings unless they have a convincing reason not doing so. If any of the group members disobeys any of the statements above, the rest of the group has the right to reduce their mark upon agreement.Delaram SharifiZhanar Samayeva Hedieh Ekhlasi Xun Liu Introduction The purpose of this initial report is to survey the created plan made in order to accomplish the given Robot Project. This project is given to entire second year and the purpose of the projec t is to design and construct an autonomous robot that should follow the dark line track on a light background. First there is an overview on the line follower robots in literature review , The aims, objectives and requirements will follow the review. Literature ReviewThe line-following robots are classified under the â€Å"Mobile Robots†. Mobile Robots are the robots which do not have a fixed base; they can move around and do not physically stand at one location. These kinds of robots are fairly important as it is stated in this part of the article from Wikipedia’s Mobile robot is stated below: â€Å"Mobile robots are the focus of a great deal of current research and almost every major university has one or more labs that focus on mobile robot research. Mobile robots are also found in industry, military and security environments.They also appear as consumer products, for entertainment or to perform certain tasks like vacuum, gardening and some other common household t asks. † History of mobile robots: The first mobile robots were built during the World War II with the main purpose of producing flying bombs and radars. The next generations would follow a light source, determine if there are any obstacles and plug in themselves when their battery was low and according to the needs they would have different functions and made huge improvements in the progress so that they cover a very wide range of features.Line-following robots which are the main subject of this project are classified as â€Å"Land or Home Wheeled† robots. It is necessary to be said that the technology is far more advanced now that the robots with human like or animal like legs to provide mobility rather than legs exist. The technology has gone as far as making intelligent human-like robot (Androids), with a variety of capabilities such as speaking, voice recognition, face recognition, human like movements, dancing and singing.The purposes behind these projects are com ing from a variety of backgrounds as well such as: Household robot which can undertakes any of a house holds maid’s duties and science fiction movie productions. The pioneer countries in Android are Japan, Korea, the US, the UK and Iran. The information above are to show how advance the technology has gone in mobile robots but since the aims set for this project require very much lower level of understanding the mobile robots, this subject will not be discussed further. The history of the line-following robots:The designs of the first line-follower robot in 1960 was basically built for the purpose of getting controlled from earth while it is on the moon using a camera on it for processing images and video which has been unsuccessful. At 1970 the robot ended up following a high contrast white line under controlled lighting conditions at a speed of about 0. 8 mph which is pretty different to this robot projectsince we have more advanced programming equipment and processors, the robot of ours uses sensors rather than the video cameras to use less process. The main aim is thoroughly different too.The fist line-following robot was followed by more commercial used robots for which could do vacuuming and cleaning the floor. They used sensors to get the objects out of their way which is the method in which this project’s robot will determine its track, using sensors. Ongoing a most advanced projects on line-following robots or line-following based robots: The most advanced of the line followers according to the Wikipedia, DARPA website, Kiva systems and spec -minder website are : â€Å"DARPA Urban Grand Challenge, with six vehicles autonomously completing a complex course involving manned vehicles and obstacles.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Kiva Systems  clever robots proliferate in distribution operations; these smart shelving units sort themselves according to the popularity of their contents. The Tug becomes a popular means for hospitals to move large cabinets of st ock from place to place. † â€Å"The  Speci-Minder  with Motivity begins carrying blood and other patient samples from nurses' stations to various labs. â€Å" â€Å"Seekur, the first widely available, non-military outdoor service robot, pulls a 3-ton vehicle across a parking lot  , drives autonomously indoors and begins learning how to navigate itself outside. â€Å"Boston Dynamics released video footage of a new generation  BigDog  able to walk on icy terrain and recover its balance when kicked from the side. † The mentioned robots are very advanced using not only basic reflective switch sensors but also cameras to detect whatever their purpose is. Since this project requires simple solution to make the robot built fast and work fast these could not very much help in the process of building the robot. According to the websites and also reports available on the internet, every university which does computer science or electrical engineering has got some ki nd of robot project and mainly line followers.The specific specifications are moderately different but in all projects the main purpose is practicing an actual project in real life and knowing how to use simple and quick circuit design, program and implementation. The MINI Line follower robot for example has the most similar specifications to this project. The robot needs to follow a line powering up by a battery with size limitations. Kerman, Judith B. (1991). Retrofitting Blade Runner: Issues in Ridley Scott's Blade Runner and Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. ISBN 0-87972-509-5. Perkowitz, Sidney (2004). Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0-309-09619-7. Shelde, Per (1993). Androids, Humanoids, and Other Science Fiction Monsters: Science and Soul in Science Fiction Films. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-7930-1. http://www. stanford. edu/~learne st/cart. htm http://www. richardvannoy. info/building-a-line-following-robot. pdf http://ikalogic. com/proj_mini_line_folower. php ttp://online. physics. uiuc. edu/courses/phys405/P405_Projects/Fall2005/Robot_project_jaseung_. pdf http://nereus. mech. ntua. gr/pdf_ps/aim11. pdf Aims: * To design and construct an autonomous robot * The robot to be completed on time * To build the robot with its maximum speed * Build the robot with all the possibilities to win the race Objectives: * To come up with the ideas * To work as a team. Review and practice the skills of teamwork * To get experience of systems engineering * Improve electronic and mechanical practical design skillsRequirements: * The robot must follow the line a) The line is 50mm wide b) The line is 10m long c) The line is black on white background d) The line has maximum corners of 900 e) The line is horizontal * The robot must move forward * The robot must carry an egg a) The mass of egg is 25gr (approx. ) b) The size of egg is 5cm x 3cm (approx. ) System Decomposition System is an organized, purposeful structure regarded as a whole and consisting of interrelated and interdependent elements such as components, entities, factors, members, or parts.According to the Robot Project, the robot itself is the system, as it is consists of different subsystems, while the subsystems made of the components. Being more related to the Robot, it can be explained as the Mechanical, Electronic and Software Designs are the main subsystems, while the elements of each subsystem is defined as the components. The figure below shows the Robot system decomposition for better explanation: Figure [ 1 ]- The System Decomposition for the robot Group Management Structure During the meetings the work allocations between group members were discussed.The works as mechanical, electronic, programming, report, DVD film and logbook were divided between each in the group. To give one work division per group member means to put a big respon sibility on him, as every part has a big amount of not easy work to be done, and it can cause the difficulty in understanding the job that will lead to uncertainty. So every part has two members to work on it, and every group member has 3 jobs to be done by the end of the project and the work allocations are as followings: * Team Leader : Delaram Sharifi * Mechanical: Zhanar ; Hedieh Electronic: Xun ; Delaram * Programming: Delaram ; Hedieh * Reports: Zhanar ; Hedieh * DVD Film: Xun ; Zhanar * Logbook: Delaram ; Xun Name of the Robot The first thing was done by group is creating the name for the future robot. This process made the group to be more opened, close-knit, and creative, as well as the process helped to improve the team working. A lot of options we considered, but the main aim of giving the name was to create something that can reflect all of the group members in one name. So the final choice made by the group is the name ICKI.It stands by the countries of the each group m ember which are Iran, China, Kazakhstan, and Iran again. Mechanical Design Mechanical design for the robot presents many challenges and its main idea is to make it simple and affordable. The mechanical design of autonomous robot is including: * Robot’s Wheels. They are one of the most important assemblies of the mechanical platform. * Robot’s Frame. This frame is mechanical platform of robot and due to the frame all the parts are hold together * Motors. To control the speed and direction of the robot. * Sensors. To detect the direction.Technical Options, Critical Review and Final Design Choice During one of the meetings there are two options of mechanical design were discussed. Two group members responsible for the design presented their ideas to the group with all the aspects, advantages and disadvantages. The option as followings: Option 1 The first option was presented as the robot with the round shape. Then the robot would have 2 wheels by the left and right sides, 2 motors, line with 5 sensors in the front and the frame of HDPE (High Density Poly Ethylene), i. e. plastic. Figure 2-Round Shape Option 2The second option is to make more traditional, the rectangular one. The rectangular robot with the frame and base of Aluminum or HDPE, with 2 wheels on the sides and with the â€Å"V† shape line sensors and the skid on the front. The skid will help to control the balance. Figure 3-Rectangular Shape After presenting the options of the mechanical design for the robot some advantages and disadvantages were written for each of the option that helped the group to choose the right one. During the discussion of the design, three things were considered: capacity, light weight and low to the ground.As long as two motors are used for the construction of the robot and each motor can take one wheel, the neediness in wheels is just for two. So two wheels connected to the motors at the back of the robot is enough to control the rout and the skid connec ted to the sensor board in the front can help the autonomous robot control the balance. The robot’s size is to be about 12cm to 14 cm and 4 cm is for the wheels. Review of the Frame The frame is the basic structure to which everything should be attached and Aluminum and HDPE were considered as the frame.First of all, Aluminum is strong, light, and easy to cut and drill while HDPE is the same light, strong, easy to shape and cut but also the cheap one. In comparison, HDPE has a very low thermal conductivity, and a higher strength to weight ratio than Aluminum. Review of the Wheels All the group members agreed that the large diameter wheels give the robot low torque but high velocity and if the motors strong enough then the wheels with larger diameter better to use. The speed of the robot depends on the size of the wheels and it is good to have them between 1cm and 2 cm.Here are some advantages and disadvantages of the first and second options that were made during the discussi ons on the meetings: | First OptionThe Round Shape| Second OptionThe Rectangular Shape| Advantages| * Beautiful, unusual design * HDPE frame | * HDPE frame * The front skid * â€Å"V† shape line sensors * Compact| Disadvantages| * Distance between wheels and sensors is not enough to make turns right after the sensor is detected * Not enough of space for circuit board, 2 motors and sensors, that makes the design not compact| * Usual Design| Table [ 1 ] Advantages and Disadvantages for the design optionsFinal Design Taking into account all the reviews made and the table of advantages and disadvantages the decision was made is to choose the second option of the mechanical design, and to change some nuances as to use HDPE for the frame together with the â€Å"V† shape line sensors (also see Software Design) and add a spoon in the middle between the wheels that is the best position to keep the balance for an egg. So the final result would look like: Figure 4-Final Design El ectronic Design The Circuit is consisted of 5 units. Sensors are acting as the input. The control unit controls every component in the circuit.The driver provides enough power for the stepper motor to move the robot. The Power supply powers up the whole circuit. Sensors Control Unit Driver Stepper Motors Power Supply Figure 5-Block Diagram Technical Options, Critical Review and Final Design Choice The Control Unit: AVR/PIC/8051 8051: an old but very popular controller. The older 8051s are kind of slow: 12 clocks per instruction. Newer 8051s have 6 clocks per instruction up to 1 clock per instruction. The selection of low pin count devices is a bit limited. Most 8051s have an external memory bus that makes it easy to add memory and peripherals.CISC has free C compiler. PIC: Slightly less old than the 8051. PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availabil ity of low cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash memory) capability. AVR: The newest architecture by about 20 years. Designed for a pipeline, so has a very good clocks/instruction. Good range of devices: small and cheap with fairly high performance. It is very C friendly because of the RISC. Comparison:Selections: AVR=PIC;8051; Price: AVR=8051;PIC; For beginners: 8051;PIC;AVR; C language: AVR=PIC;8051; Anti-interference: AVR=PIC;8051; Final Choice We have used PIC in a few experiments, so we are familiar with it. Moreover, in university we just have equipment for program the PIC, so we decided to use the PIC. The chosen microcontroller and the reasons: PIC16F648 The PIC16F84 was chosen for its small size, easy reprogram ability and interrupts it is clocked at 4 MHZ by a ceramic resonator and it can be even powered by 4 AA rechargeable batteries (Very low consumption).These same batteries power the motors. This is usually not recommende d since surges in motor current can affect the processors operation, but with decoupling caps in place and the watchdog timer being used in the software no problems were experienced. The watchdog could reset the processor if it went stupid before you could ever see it act up. After all, we considered the number of inputs and outputs. The inputs are number of sensors we have which is 7, and outputs are motors. So PIC16F648 which we have used several times has enough bit (8-bit PORTA, 8-bit PORTB). Stepper Motors Unit:Servo motor/Stepper motor Servo motor: A servomotor (servo) is an electromechanical device in which an electrical input determines the position of the armature of a motor. Servos are used extensively in robotics and radio-controlled cars, airplanes, and boats. Stepper motor: A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless DC electric motor that can divide a full rotation into a large number of steps. The motor's position can be controlled precisely without any feedback me chanism (an open-loop controller), as long as the motor is carefully sized to the application. Comparison:Both types of motors offer similar opportunities for precise positioning, but they differ in a number of ways. Servomotors require analogue feedback control systems of some type. Typically, this involves a potentiometer to provide feedback about the rotor position, and some mix of circuitry to drive a current through the motor inversely proportional to the difference between the desired position and the current position Final Choice: Servo motor needs complex analogue feedback circuits. And we have used stepper motor before. However stepper motor will be given to us, so we chose stepper motor. The Driver UnitL298&L297/L293D A motor controller is a device or group of devices that serves to govern in some predetermined manner the performance of an electric motor. [1] A motor controller might include a manual or automatic means for starting and stopping the motor, selecting forward or reverse rotation, selecting and regulating the speed, regulating or limiting the torque, and protecting against overloads and faults. Three ways to drive a stepper motor: Use a transistor to drive each coil. But It was a little awkward to wire up the circuit – board space. Also, it requires 4 pins on the PIC to drive the motor.Use a driver array packaged in an IC. Don't forget to wire in the protection diodes! (i. e. SAA1027, L298, L293D) Use a specialized stepper motor driver chip. It would save on board space, and pin usage. As the price of stepper motor drive chip is very expensive and 4 transistors to drive each coil may make the board a mass. So we choose stepper motor driver IC. L298 has current capacity of 2A compared to 0. 6 A of a L293D. L293D’s package is not suitable for attaching a good heat sink; practically you can’t use it above 16V without frying it. L298 on the other hand works happily at 16V without a heat sink, so we choose L298.And in the datasheet we find out that it’s better to combine L298 with L297. * It needs to be considered that regarding to the temperature power supply is going to add to the circuit a heat sink needs to be included in the board otherwise it would melt. Software Design Technical Options, Critical Review and Final Design Choice The software to be used in order to program the pic CCS C Compiler, as it is the well-known software for the group. This software was used to do experiment laboratories for EE2A course and to use CCS C Compiler to program the robot will be more than adequate and helpful.Odd or even number of sensors Both odd and even numbers are possible to use, the group has chosen the odd to increase the accuracy and make the code more understandable and clear. As it will be explained how the program works, it will be clear how they both can be used. The Number of Sensors * 3: The program would work, but not accurate enough. All turns, no matter large or small will be reacted t he same. * 7: Again, the program will work, but needs far too much extra effort, increases the time of processing the data and makes the code very complicated. 5: Is a perfectly fine number, will give the opportunity to detect the turns in two different stages so that the robot can make the turns soon enough and with more accuracy. The shape in which the sensors are put together * An upside down V: Where the middle sensor is in the front, followed by two sensors, wider from each other in the back and followed by another two sensors, wider at the very back. This will not work because the turn is detected by the wider sensors later than the right time for to move to be taken from the robot. This method may be accurate but would not help the robot being fast. line: Where all the sensors are at the same level. This method is better than the latter but still will not make the robot to detect the larger turns sooner in order to make the reaction at the right time. * V: The middle sensor i s at the very back corner, two sensors with a wider distance comes next and the last two, again wider at the front. This method makes the robot understand the large angles sooner with the outer sensors, so that the robot will start turning sooner than the smaller angles which are detected by the middle sensors. The angle of the VThe angle should not be too small, because the robot will start the turns too early, and it should not be very wide because then it would not make any difference from the flat shape. This is to be experienced during the testing process but the decided angle at this time is 120 degrees. How does the program work? As it has been explained before, there are 5 sensors to be used in the robot. The recognition of the turns has been explained in 4 figures below. The green circles represent the sensors which have detected the black line and the red circles represent the sensors which have detected the white surface.The green circle is the logic â€Å"1† and t he red is the logic â€Å"0†. Normal positions of the sensors In this situation, when only the middle sensor detects the black line, the robot moves straight forward without any turns. The logic is â€Å"00100† 2. 5 cm Figure 4- The normal position of the sensors More than 50? turns including the 90? : When the turn is more than 50 degrees, the outer sensor feels the turn sooner than the middle sensor, so that the robot will start turning earlier, or if decided faster as well. The logic is â€Å"00101†. Figure 5-The more than 50? turns.It also needs to be said that if the large turns are happening for a very little while (for less than 4. 5 cm), the middle sensor will sense the turn first so that the robot would not change the direction to fast and get out of control. Less than 50? turn: When the turn is more than 50? , the middle sensor feels the turn first, so that the robot starts turning at a reasonable time to manage the turn. The logic is â€Å"00110† Figure 6-The less than 50? turns Approximately 50 degrees turns: At this situation, both middle and outer sensor feel the turn at the same time.The logic is â€Å"00111†. Figure 7- ? 50 ? Time Management plan Due to EE2G1 module, students have learnt how to manage their time in given projects using the graphs, charts and tables. Here is the Gantt chart that consists of two tables. The first one helps to analyze what tasks has to be done, when it has to be started and what amount of time is given and also gives the information about each task, if it is sequential or parallel. Task| Earliest Start (week)| Length (week)| Type| Dependent on†¦| A. High Level analysis| Week 0| 1 week| Sequential| | B.Selection of Mechanical Design and Components| Week 1| 1 week| Sequential| A| C. Detailed Analysis of Electronics for Robot| Week 1| 1 week| Sequential| A| D. Mechanical Design| Week 2| 2 weeks| Sequential| B| E. Circuit Design| Week 2| 2 weeks| Sequential| C| F. Build Mechanic s| Week 4| 2 weeks| Sequential| D| G. Build Circuit| Week 4| 1 weeks| Sequential| E| H. Construction| Week 6| 1 week| Sequential| F, G| I. Programming| Week 3| 3-4 weeks| Parallel| D, E, F, G, H, | J. Testing| Week 7| 4 weeks| Sequential| H, I| K. Demonstration| Week 11| -| Sequential| J|Table 1 – Gantt Table Summarizing the first table, information should be transferred to the chart. The chart helps visualize all the given tasks and the time given to accomplish them. Week| 0| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| (1) A. High Level Analysis| (1) B. Selection Of Mechanical Design and Components| (1) C. Detailed Analysis of Electronics for Robot| (2) D.Mechanical Design| (2) E. Circuit Design| (2) F. Build Mechanics| (1) G. Build Circuit| (1) H.Construction| (3-4) I. Programming| (4-5) J. Testing| DEMONSTRATION| Chart 1 – Gantt Chart Risk Assessment As everything else, this project has its own risks and possibility of troubles. We cannot stop the problems from happen ing, but we can consider the ways we would manage if they have happened.There are different types of problems which may occur, some with large possibility but manageable damage, some with very little possibility but disastrous damages. The group has come with some ideas about these risks and how to manage them which are as follows: Very possible, low cost and manageable risks Burning the electrical components such as the PIC or the power sources: 1. Keeping good care of the more expensive components, putting them in a position which brings the possibility of the damage to the least possible. 2.Having alternatives for each component, more for the cheap and more burnable ones, less for the more expensive and least burnable ones. Losing the documents, programs or components: 1. Taking good care of where the materials are saved or put, possibly write the places down or share with other group mates in case for memory loss. 2. Having a photo of each page of the written documents, copies o f the electronic stuff on different places, and having a list for the components we have to pack every time. The A plan’s failure : 1. Having a plan Bs and Plan Cs for all the Plan As. . Plan Bs can be for a change in the A plan, but plan Cs are completely different methods in case the whole plan has been a whole of a lot of rubbish. 3. Having the responsible person ready for the plans when the failure comes so that the change can be quick and easy. Running out of time: 1. Having someone responsible for the plans to go as it has been decided in the time management plan, taking care of even slight late results to prevent the sum of smalls becoming a huge delay. 2. Stopping panic attacks or they will cause more delay. 3.Keeping everything simple and tidy in order to make the trouble shooting faster and easier. The plans we have specifically come up with for the Robot project 1. Taking good care of the PIC, having alternatives for all the components. 2. Saving the programs on me mory sticks, computer and email. 3. Keeping pictures of the critical pages of the log book. 4. Having an alternative way of programming for the line detecting bits. 5. Having some options for the components available in case the robot doesn’t work out with them. 6. Having a map of the circuit with all the explanations about wiring and connections. . Keeping the actual circuit nice and tidy, the wires low and the colors right. Components Wish List According to the design decisions, the list of components needed for the project can be made. There are some basic components required in order to accomplish the mechanical, electrical and software design of the robot, such as: * HDPE for the frame and chassis * 2 wheels * 1 skid * 2 DC stepper motors * Sensors * Circuit board * Capacitors, resistors, Diodes, Transistors (referring to the main components) * Microcontroller * LED’s Every group is provided with 40 ? n order to buy the components needed. The table below shows the approximate price estimations: Wheels| ? 2-3| PIC16F648 (2)| ? 4| Sensors (5)| ? 5| HDPE plastic| ? 10| LED’s| ? 5| Screw Box| ? 2| Resistors| ? 2| Capacitors| ? 2| Skid| ? 2-3| Heat Sink| ? 3| Conclusion This project is not only for making line follower race robot but it is also a great and realistic practice for group work and project management. This is a hard challenge and is only possible to manage with co-operation, hard work, motivation and enthusiasm. Each individual member learns how to cope with different opinions and ideas.They learn to be tolerant and do not let anything personal get involved in the work since this may ruin the friendly environment among the group members. By doing this project a lot of skills will be developed such as: * Group work * Time management and working by deadlines * Work break down in equal amount among group members * Decision making * Risk management * Budget management * Working with time limit and in stressful conditions * Starting a project from scratch, developing ideas and making improvements * Undertaking risks and responsibilities * Keeping good and reliable documentation Keeping motivation and encouragement among the group live or dead By the end of this project we will have done a complete project management plan and implementation. We will know how to face troubles and problems and hopefully this is going to be a great memory of how we learnt to manage a real project in practice. References Online Documents: * BASIC ROBOT MECHANICS TUTORIALS, (2005-1012). Society of Robots. Retrieved from http://www. societyofrobots. com/mechanicsbasics. shtml * Priyank PatilDepartment of Information Technology S. W. Nawawi, M. N. Ahmad, J. H.S Osman (2008). â€Å"Real-Time Control of a Two Wheeled Inverted Pendulum Mobile Robot * http://forum. pololu. com/ * * Ooi, Rich Chi (2003). â€Å"Balancing a Two-Wheeled Autonomous Robot†. University of Western Australia. Thesis B. Mechatronics Engineering. * Ong, Yin Chee; Abidin, M. S. B (2006). â€Å"Design and Development of Two Wheeled Autonomous Balancing Robot†, Center for Artificial Intell. ; Robotic (CAIRO), University Technology Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 4th Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD 2006), Shah Alam, Selangor, MALAYSIA, 27-28 June, 2006. Vivien Coelho; Stanley Liew; Karl Stol; Guangyu Liu (2008). â€Å"Development of a Mobile Two-Wheel Balancing Platform for Autonomous Applications†. Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Auckland. 15th International conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (M2VIP08), 2-4 Dec 2008, Auckland, New-Zealand. * Jose Miranda (2009), â€Å"Application of Kalman Filtering and PID Control for Direct Inverted Pendulum Control†. Master Thesis, California State University, Chico Spring 2009. * R. Hollis, â€Å"BallBots,† Scientific American, October 2006.Retrieved February 4, 2009. Available at the World Wide Web: http://www. sciam. com/article. cfm? id=ballbots * Pakdaman, M. ; Sanaatiyan, M. M. (2009), â€Å"Design and Implementation of Line Follower Robot,† Computer and Electrical Engineering, 2009. ICCEE '09. Second International Conference on , vol. 2, no. , pp. 585-590, 28-30 Dec. 2009 * Priyank Patil (2010), â€Å"AVR Line Following Robot,† Department of Information Technology K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering Mumbai, India. Retrieved Mar 5, 2010. Available at: http://www. kmitl. ac. th/~kswichit/ROBOT/Follower. pdf * Swope Design.Inc. , â€Å"Balancing Robots Made Easy†, Available at: http:// www. Balbots. com, 2004. * Miller Peter (2008), â€Å"Building a Two Wheeled Balancing Robot†, University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying. Retrieved Nov 18, 2009. Available at: http://eprints. usq. edu. au/6168/ ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Each Group Member [ 3 ]. Statements can be added to this contract upon the entire group’s agreement [ 4 ]. Mobile Robot, Wikipedia website: [http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mobile_robot] [ 5 ]. http://ikalogic. com/proj_mini_line_folower. php